Bloat appears on both breeds' health lists, but it belongs in a section of its own for the Standard Poodle because the breed's build makes it one of the higher-risk large dogs.
Gastric dilatation and volvulus is a stomach that fills with gas and then rotates on its own axis, cutting off the blood supply. The risk correlates strongly with a deep, narrow chest — and a Standard Poodle's chest is exactly that shape, deeper relative to its width than a Malamute's. The signs are a dog that becomes restless and uncomfortable, tries repeatedly to vomit and produces nothing, has a swelling or drum-tight abdomen, and drools. It kills in hours, not days.
What that means practically: split the daily food into two or three meals rather than one, keep the hour either side of eating quiet, use a slow-feeder bowl for a fast eater, and know before you need to know where your nearest out-of-hours surgery is and roughly what it charges. Because the risk is elevated in the breed, prophylactic gastropexy — tacking the stomach so it cannot rotate, often done alongside spay or neuter — is a reasonable conversation to have with a vet rather than an exotic one.
The same measures apply to the Malamute, whose risk is real but lower.
The rest of the Standard's list runs long: hip dysplasia, progressive retinal atrophy with DNA testing available, Addison's disease, Cushing's disease, hypothyroidism, epilepsy, Legg-Calve-Perthes, cancer and ear infections. Cancer incidence in the breed is meaningful, and ear care is a routine maintenance job because hair grows inside the canal and traps moisture.
The Malamute's list is shorter: hip and elbow dysplasia, bloat, hypothyroidism, epilepsy, progressive retinal atrophy, hereditary cataracts, zinc-responsive dermatosis and inherited polyneuropathy.